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The term "alphabet writing" is mare precise than the term "pre-alphabet writing". Alaska eskimote juures leiutas iga kohalik misjonäriabiline selle sajandi alguses oma isikliku, ainult tema enda kasutatud kirja. This algorithm makes sure that the generated articles are even more unique, and even more readable -- if that was even possible! For 34 days, step by step. IB Lisatud variandid oleks pidanud ära jätma, mis oleks ilmselt vähendanud vastuste arvu, kuid saadud materjal oleks olnud emilisem ja seetõttu informatiivsem, sest väärtuste valiku oleks vastaja teinud iseseisvalt.

Meillassoux' järgi on ühiskonna organiseerimisel olemas "primaarsed integreerivad sotsiaalsed faktorid", mis määravad ülejäänud vastavad tingimused samas: Kirjaga seotud fikseerimise idee annab potentsiaali sotsiaalse kontrolli mehhanismidele.

Kirjal on kogukonna struktuuri stabiliseeriv roll. Põhjapanevate metainnovatsioonide riigi ja kõrgkultuurse kirjaoskuse kujunemine pole korrelatsioonis muutuste tekkega infrastruktuuris, toiduainete tootmise algusega.

Otsustava tähtsusega struktuurimuutus toimub juba " Gellner Kirja teke või levik muudab kogu eelnevat kultuuri, aga mitte iseseisvalt, vaid kompleksis teiste survevahenditega sõda ja administratiivse kontrolli rahulik laiendamine.

Sekundaarne kiri on teisalt ka ise nende poolt määratud. Gellneri järgi tuleneb " Kultuurirnuutuste protsessis võidakse aga jõuda lea olukorda, kus eksisteerivad kõrvuti sugukondlik lojaalsus struktuurile ja rahvuslik lojaalsus kirjaoskuslikule kultuurile samas.

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Kirjaareng Tihti esitatakse ülevaade kirjast arenguna lihtsamalt keerulisemale. Foucault' järgi ühendati Tunnetuse esialgust otsiti puhaste kontseptsioonide järgnevusest. Nõnda loodi ettekujutus ideaalsest geneesest, mis toimis ka kirja tekke sotsiaalse vaatlemise puhul. Kirja arengut nähti tihti liikumisena parima alfabeetilise kirjaviisi poole, diskreetsemaks muutumisena, kasvava abstraktsiooni protsessina Leete a: Märgisüsteeme võib muidugi esitada lineaarse jadana lihtsamalt keerulisemale Lips ; Friedrich ; Coulmas See aga polegi tõsikindlalt midagi rohkemat kui sobiv materjali liigendamise viis või siis koloniaalse, represseeriva mentaliteedi ilming.

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Nagu eelajalooline kunst Layton 3pole ka primaarne kiri või nähtus, mis hõlmas neid mõlemaid mingi fragment liikumisest renessansi ja industriaalajastu vastavate nähtuste poole. Kirjaviiside muutumine on ajas heterogeenne, mitmeharuline või eri kanaleis toimuv tagasilöökidega protsess. Vene etnoloogi V. Bogorazi hüpoteesi järgi on erinevad kirjasüsteemid loodud eri aegadel Euraasia ja Aineerika kõrvalistes paikades.

Selline protsess on toimunud kuni viimase ajani. Suur osa nendest kirjaviisidest oli levinud mingis kitsamas piirkonnas ning aja jooksul need unustati, nagu näiteks tsuktsi põhjapõdrakerjuse 12 13 Tenevili aastal leiutatud kiri või Volga-äärsete kirjaoskamatute vene talupoegade oma aastail Bogoraz Sarnased iseseisvad sekundaarsed kirjad leiutasid ka tserokii indiaanlane Sekvoia aastal USAs, aimaraa indiaanlane Sampaia Boliivias, Libeerias vai rahva liige Momolu Duvalu aastal, Kisimi Kamala mende rahva jaoks Sierea Leones, bamumi rahva kuningas Ndzoia Kamerunis selle sajandi alguses jne.

Alaska eskimote juures leiutas iga kohalik misjonäriabiline selle sajandi alguses oma isikliku, ainult tema enda kasutatud kirja.

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Sellised suhteliselt hiliste, uurijate poolt fikseeritud sekundaarsete kirjade loomiseloli tihti oluline mingite alfabeetiliste kirjade otsesem või kaugem eeskuju Friedrich Traditsionaalkultuuri kandvate inimeste mõtlemine ei vasta madalamale arengutasemele, võrreldes üldise kirjaoskusega ühiskultuuri esindajatega. Üldkirjaoskusliku ja traditsionaalse kultuuri esindajate mõtlemine vastab lihtsalt erinevatele spetsiifilistele tegevusaladele ja ülesannetele, mida inimesteloma kultuuris lahendada tuleb Tulviste Ja nõndasamuti on ka traditsionaalkultuuride nominaalsemal, ikoonilisemal, kontekstipärasemal kirjaoskusel teistsugused ülesanded ja nad seostuvad teistsuguste tegevusaladega kui üldkultuurides.

Kokkuvõte Kui ühendatakse sekundaarse kirja teke tsivilisatsiooniga, siis seotakse kirja tekke sotsiaalne aspekt kirja mehhanismidega. Peetakse silmas mingit kokkuleppelist sümboliseerituse astet, visuaalse märgisüsteemi sidumist keele teatud "normatiivse" struktuuritasemega, mis võimaldab integreerida piisavalt suuri sotsiaalseid üksusi. Kiri on sotsiaalse kontrolli massikommunikatiivsete vahendite prototüüp.

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Traditsioonilistes kultuurides üldiselt ei väärtustata kirja kõnega võrdselt. Paradoks - teatud hetkelise iseloomuga teabevahetussüsteemi kõne abil antakse edasi kõrgemalt hinnatud põlvkondadevaheline mütoloogiline teave, aega ja ruumi läbiva kirja abil aga valdavalt utilitaarseid, mööduva väärtusega andmeid.

Ilmneb, et iseenesest sekundaarne kiri kultuurimuutusi ei algata, ent kuulub primaarse integreeriva institutsioonina vastavasse mõjurite kompleksi. Taas paradoks - kiri samaaegselt kui kultuuri ühtlustaja jakui diferentseerija. Kirja muutumine ajas kujutab endast kirja aspekti, millele on tihti rakendatud. Lähemal vaatlemisel ei osutu selline vaatenurk aga enamaks kui sobivaks ainese esitamise viisiks.

Yet in the case of writing the idea of evolutionary progress is applied, so that simpler writingsystems, though living, are the remnants ofsome pre-alphabet writing.

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Such a homogenizing statement is a political, rather than cognitive one. The origin of writing, however, is a question coneerning context and culture, as weil as an aspect of visual representation of language. This is the question about how writing is possible, rather than the origin of conventionalized alphabetic representation of ideas.

What is at issue is which social factors have enabled writing. As Wittgenstein said, that it was not important to builda house, but to examine all the possible ways of building it Wittgenstein Context and Community In this. According to first conceptions, priests originated writing to defend their privileged positions. Secondly, traders introdueed writing for economie reasons.

Thirdly, there was the need to exchange infonnation of vital importanee. The speeding up of infonnation helps survival in times of erises e. Fourthly the origin of writing has been related to sympathetie magic, developing from epigraphy CoulmasLipsLeete a: As for the functions ofwriting, I am interested in a different aspect: writing as a possible phenomenon initiating homogenizing culturai changes, or the phenomenon at least 15 16 related to them.

According to the thesis of linguistic relativity The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesisone's thought, behaviour and perception are determined by the language one-happens to speak, By analogy it is supposed that writing has also some kinship with cultural diversity. This is a culture-specific system ofcommunication by means ofenvironmental differences. It is a strategy of processing experience, and storing and speeding information by means ofreal objects. Secondly, alphabet writing, is a conventionalized and iconic strategy for storing and speeding inforination in the form of visual representation of language.

It represents the set of constraints, Including the structure of the language, and the conventionalized use of symbolism. This development is considered to' be the origin of literaey. The term "alphabet writing" is mare precise than the term "pre-alphabet writing".

Literacy I is said to be :the prerequisite of civilization. Moreover, it is slimming body wraps dc to identify literacy with civilization. According to McLuhan, the phonetic alph. Alphabet writing is a uniform processing of a culture by a visual sense same: Phonetic alphabets are technology for homogenization of cultures. Prealphabet writings serve to separate that.

In a culture, both standardizing and separating tendencies are in progress at all times. To maintain the culture as a single unit, the equilibrum between these tendencies is needed. In case the striving for freedom of some culturai aspect or social group be uncontrollable by the authorities, a relative equilibrum is gained by the use of some other homogenizing strategies.

This is a gradual development, as further diversity requires more 16 17 standardizing strategies. Diversity is always somewhat uneontrollable. Literaey "is- among the oldest means of integrating different eultures. This is a paradox: the introduction of literaey eauses further eultural separation with an attempt to assimilate different eultures. Though by means ofpre-alphabet writings the infonnation of temporai and funetional importanee is passed on, yet the way in whieh real objeets are represented in writing is detennined by slimming shots context of social factors, beliefs, and values of the culture.

Within the culture, there are the conventions of visual representation Laytonwhich are less strict in case slimming body wraps dc iconic systems. Here, there is the role that what is easy to write, is difficult to read. Prestige ofwriting and Speech "The sum total of units of Iinguistic infonnation circulating among the community are considered as non-texts, on the basis of which an amount of texts emerges which have some expressive power in the structure ofthe particular culture.

When Iiteracy was introduced, the representing oflanguage by means of phonological units started to seem non-expressing. There is only a Iimited number of identities between phonological units and their graphic representatives that are accepted by the particular culture. Not every piece of infonnation is worth putting down, and yet everything that is written down gains a special importanee and becomes a text" Lotman, Pjatigorski The introduction of writing needn't necessarily change the attitude towards speech.

Writing and speech have merely different functions, and there are different texts expressed by both of them. Writing doesn'thave the prestige equal to that of speech, since the information of functional and temporai importanee is passed on by it, while by speech the infonnation related to cultural identity and mythology is passed on Lotman In tribal cultures, experience is arranged by adominant auditory sense that represses visual values McLuhan Writing and Warfare There is some relationship between the origin ofwriting and warfare.

For a traditional culture, the introduction of writing is the result of an inside gradual culturai development, During a war, comparatively rapid cultural changes are initiated alongside gradual ones, which are directed towards the homogenization of culturai diversity by integrating within victorious communities.

A modem period of colonial expansion is under way same: A peaceful homogenization ofcultures is initiated by the use of short-tenn overwhelming military force same: 67, Leete b: Thus, for tribal peoples it was a peaceful pacification to establish a phonetic alphabet, a full westem style writing system. McLuhan also relates the phenomena of warfare and phonetic alphabet, since both they are the strategies for assiniilating smaller ethnic groups within the victorious ones McLuhan Writing and Cultural Change So, it can be said that writing as aresult of internai culturai development maintains culturai separation, and people's thoughts are quite similar before and after the introduction ofliteraey.

The writing established by the victorious culture as a means of converting civilization should inculcate new thought process into people's minds. The emergence or demise ofa single institution might affect the whole quality of interaction in a social system Layton Meillassoux saw the "primary integrating social factors" in the organization of the society, the setting within which other social activities were conducted same: The aspect of rendering language visible gives potential to institutions ofsocial 18 19 control.

The introduction or spread of. On the other hand, literacy has been introduced by these factors. When literacy was widely increased, it was supposed. It hasn't been elaimed that Iiteracy directly affects the transformation of world view Tulviste ' However, the changes can be different from what psychologists expect them to be. Evolution of writing It is generally held that all writing systems represent some stage in a progression toward the most intricate writing system.

In the 18th century the conception of things and that of the accompanyments to them e. The origin of cognition was searched slimming body wraps dc within succession ofclear conceptions.

So the conception ofideal genesis was reached Foucault, which could be applied when examining the social aspects of the origin of writing. Once it was generally held that all writings represent some stage in a progression toward the ideal writing system, slimming body wraps dc alphabet, becoming constantly more discreet and abstract Leete a: Systems of signs can be presented as alineal sequence beginning with the simplest and ending in more intricate writings LipsFriedrichCoulmas 19, Anyway, this is merely an easy way of analyzing material, or else the sign of colonial or repressive mentality, As with prehistoric art, so pre-alphabet writing cannot be seen as part of a single grand movement towards the respective phenomena of the Renaissance or Industrial Society.

According to the Slimming body wraps dc ethnologist V. Bogoraz' hypothesis, different writing systems have been originated in different periods oftime in remote parts ofeurasia and America. This process is continuing up to the present time. A large amount of these writing systems circulated among small areas, and as time progressed, they were negleeted. For example, the prealphabet writing originated by the Chukchi reindeer herder Tenevil inthe pre-alphabet writing introduced by the illiterate Russian peasants around the Volga River in the s Bogorazthe Cherokee writing system created by Sequoia in the US inthe pre-alphabetic writing created by Sampaya, an Aymaraan Indian in Bolivia, the writing, created by Momulu Duvalu, a member of the Vai tribe in Liberia,the writing created by Qishmi Kamala, a member of the Mende ethnic group in the Republic of Sierra Leone, the pictographic writing system invented by Njoya, king of the Bamumi in Cameroun at the beginning of this century.

Every Eskimo assistant to the missionaries working in Alaska invented his own writing that was used by himself only. In the case of the writing systems invented comparatively reeently, often some alphabet writing has either directly or indirectly affected them Friedrich CODclusion In a situation where civilization and literacy can be identified, the social aspect ofthe origin ofwriting is related to the structure of the language it represents.

The use of conventionalized symbolism of the language, the visual system of signs, is related to the set ofconstraints; including the structure ofthe language, that has the means of integrating social factors within it.

Writing is the prototype of. This is a paradox: by means of a temporai system of communication speechmore valuable mythological infonnation is handed on from generation to generation, whereas by writing that binds through time and space, more functional and temporai information is passed on.

The function of the origin of writing can be compared to that of warfare, when placing writing in the context of cultural change. It appears that writing itself doesn't initiate culturai changes, but it belongs to these factors as a primary integrating institution.

Another paradox: writing both homogenizes cultures and causes further culturai separation. The evolution of writing is the aspect which is often described in its evolutionary progress.

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In any case, when studying it in more detail, it appears this is only an easy way ofpresenting material. Reference Bodley, J. H Victims ofprogress. Luoravetlanskij ehukoekij jazyk. Jazyki i pis'mennost paleoaziackih narodov. Moskva-Leningrad, s Coulmas, F Writing systems. Slova i veschi. Arheologija gumanitamyh nauk. Moskva Gellner, E Rahvused ja rahvuslus. Cambridge Leete, A. Tartu käsikiri Leete, A. Kazõmi sõda. Pro F'olkloristica 2. Tartu, lk Leete, A "andi puumärkide tõlgendamine.

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Tekst i funkcija. Izbrannyje stat'i J. Lotman ,t. The Extensions of man. Tipy myslenija i tradicionnyje zanjatija.

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Kul'tura narodnostej Severa: tradicii i sovremennost'. Kul'tura i eennost'. Küsitluslehe abil kujundatakse narratiivne allikakogum, mida iseloomustavad kindlad ruumilised, ajalised, vanuselised, soolised, sotsiaalsed, religioossed, etnilised jms tunnused. Viimaste kujundamine lähtub küsitluslehe eesmärkidest. Sama tähtis, kui mitte tähtsam, on küsitluslehe abil loodava allika kujundamisel küsimuste esitamise viis.

On ju kirjaliku küsitluse näol tegemist andmete kogumise meetodiga, mida iseloomustab ruumiline distants. Seetõttu on saadud andmed n-ö lõplikud ning etnoloogil puudub võimalus neid jooksvalt kontrollida. Siinkohal püüan analüüsida küsitluslehe abilloodavat etnograafilist allikat konkreetse näite varal.

Küsitlusleht "Vaibad" valmis autoril aasta suvel. Selle eesmärk oli täpsustada andmeid kattevaiba valmistamise ja kasutamise kohta käesoleva sajandi esimesel poolel ning saada informatsiooni kattevaiba funktsioonist, selle muutustest ja kattevaibaga seonduvatest väärtushinnangutest. TONS of content that is published all over the web. With a link back to your website. Not just any knowledge. EXACT knowledge. You need to know what to do with all that content in order to get visitors.

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